Current Affairs | National | International | SSC | UPSC 14th September 2024

1. Ministry of Environment organized a dialogue on the Montreal Protocol. 

• The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change organized a dialogue on the theme “Montreal Protocol: Advancing Climate Action”. 
• The Montreal Protocol is an international agreement to protect the ozone layer by reducing and consumption of Ozone Depleting substances. 
• This event has been organized to mark the 30th World Ozone Day. 
• World Ozone Day is observed to protect the ozone layer of the earth, which is essential for life. 
• It also highlights the need for ongoing climate action to protect it for future generations. 
• The increased use of cooling systems like refrigerators and air conditioners has raised the temperature. 
• The temperature rise has affected the Ozone layer and created a vicious cycle. 
• India has been aparty to the Montreal Protocol since June 1992. 
• India has phased out chlorofluorocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, halons, methyl bromide, and methyl chloroform for controlled use. 
• Currently, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are being phased out as per the accelerated schedule of the Montreal Protocol. 

2. High Altitude Anti-Submarine Warfare (HAASW) sonobuoys worth $52.8 million will be sold by the USA to India. 

• Themovewillenhance India's ability to conduct anti-submarine warfare operations. 
• Sonobuoysareair-launched, expendable, electro-mechanical sensors designed to transmit underwater sounds to a remote processor. 
• Theseantisubmarine warfare (ASW) are capable of being used by airborne ASWwarfighters that are both efficient and affordable. 
• The proposed sale will enhance India's capability to conduct anti-submarine warfare operations using MH-60R helicopters, improving its ability to deal with current and future threats. 
• With an estimated total cost of USD 52.8 million, India had requested to buy AN/SSQ-53O High Altitude Anti-Submarine Warfare (HAASW) sonobuoys, AN/SSQ-62F HAASWsonobuoys, and AN/SSQ-36 sonobuoys. 
• This proposed sale will support U.S. foreign policy and national security objectives. 
• It will help strengthen the U.S.-India strategic relationship and improve the security of a major defense partner. 
• The U.S.-India relationship remains an important force for political stability, peace, and economic progress in the Indo-Pacific and South Asia regions. 
• OnAugust23,Secretary of State Antony Blinken had approved the Foreign Military Sale of Anti-Submarine Warfare Sonobuoys and related equipment to India at an estimated cost of US$52.8 million.\

3. 20th Maritime State Development Council (MSDC) meeting has been concluded successfully in Goa. 

• During20th MSDCmeet, over 80 critical issues between the Central Government, States, and Union Territories were resolved. 
• Atthe20th MSDCmeeting, Indian International Maritime Dispute Resolution Centre (IIMDRC) was launched. 
• Megaship building park plans across the coastal states were discussed. 
• AnIndian Maritime Centre (IMC) was also launched. 
• Itis apolicy think tank designed to bring together maritime stakeholders currently operating in silos. 
• IIMDRC is to beset upin Mumbai. For the IIMDRC, a MoU was signed between the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways and the India International Arbitration Centre. 
• The IIMRDC will offer merit-based and industry-governed solutions to resolve maritime disputes efficiently. 
• It will offer merit-based and industry-governed solutions addressing the multi-modal, multi-contract, multi-jurisdictional, and multi-national nature of maritime transactions. 
• A highlight of the event was the keel laying ceremony for India’s largest dredger at Cochin Shipyard Limited. 
• This is a 12,000 Cu. M. Trailer Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD). 
• This is constructed in association with IHC Holland. 
• This is the first time that India is building a dredger of this size. 
• TheNational Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) at Lothal, Gujarat, was also discussed by Minister Sonowal. 
• With signed Memorandums ofUnderstanding from Portugal, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam, the NMHC will promote international relationships with 25 nations. 
• Agreements with France, Norway, Iran, and Myanmar are in advanced stages. 

4. PM Modi inaugurates SEMICON India 2024 in Greater Noida 

• ThePrime Minister, Narendra Modi has inaugurated SEMICON India 2024 at India Expo Mart in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
• The three-day conference showcase India’s semiconductor strategy and policy which envisions making India a global hub for semiconductors. 
• With India’s electronics sector now valued at over $150 billion, the Prime Minister outlined a larger goal to grow the country’s electronics sector, to $500 billion and create 6 million jobs by the end of this decade. 
• Under this vision, SEMICON India 2024 is being organized with the theme “Shaping the Semiconductor Future”. 

About Uttar Pradesh 

• Capital– Lucknow 
• Chief Minister– Yogi Adityanath 
• Governor– Anandiben Patel

5. In terms of states having AYUSH facilities, Madhya Pradesh leads the nation. 

• As per the 'Health Dynamics of India- Infrastructure and Human Resources' report, Madhya Pradesh has 52 district hospitals, which places it second in terms of the number of district hospital. 
• Delhi is in third place with 40 district hospitals, and Uttar Pradesh leads the ranking with 125 district hospitals. 
• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, recently released the report. 
• MP is also third in terms of tribal pockets having AYUSH doctors at 228 primary and community health centres. 
• With 296 AYUSH doctors, Odisha is ranked first, followed by Chhattisgarh (279 AYUSH doctors). 
• Since 2005, Madhya Pradesh has been one of the six first states in India to substantially expand the number of sub-health centers located in rural areas. 
• In addition, it comes in seventh place out of the 10 states with the most primary health centers. 
• With 332 community health centers out of 5,491 in the country, Madhya Pradesh is also in the top six states for the number of these facilities. 
• The report shows that Madhya Pradesh is one of the top three states with respect to the number of sub-divisional hospitals. 

6. An MoUsigned to increase efficiency and accountability in food grain procurement and distribution. 

• On September 13, an MoU was signed by the Department of Food and Public Distribution and the Food Corporation of India (FCI) for FY 2024-25 to enhance the efficiency and accountability of foodgrain procurement and distribution. 
• TheMoUoutlines specific performance standards and accountability measures, including performance standards for FCI depots. 
• These are aimedat optimising the use of public funds in managing food safety operations. 
• The performance standards for FCI depots include depot efficiency parameters such as capacity utilisation, operating losses, safety measures, modernisation and automation of processes at the depots, etc. 
• In 1965, FCI wasestablished under the Food Corporations Act, 1964 of the Parliament. 
• Its primary duty is to procure, store, handle/transport, distribute and sell food grains. 

7. National Health Authority and IIT Kanpur sign MoU for development of digital public goods for AI in Healthcare

• The National Health Authority (NHA) and IIT Kanpur signed an MoU in the presence of Union Health Secretary Apurva Chandra.
• The MoU was signed by Ms. L. S. Changsan, Addl. Secretary, Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare & CEO, NHA, and Prof. Manindra Agrawal, Director, IIT Kanpur. 
• Under this MoU, a federated learning platform across a variety of machine learning model pipelines, a quality-preserving database, an open benchmarking platform for comparing & validating AI models, and a consent management system for research under Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) would be developed by IIT Kanpur. 

IITs in News 

• IIT Bhubaneswar inks pact with IG Drones on disaster management R&D 
• IIT Madras Partners with IDBI Bank to Launch Cybersecurity Lab 
• C-DOT partners with IIT Roorkee and Mandi to boost 6G standardization, connectivity 
• IIT Kanpur launched UDAAN programme to boost drone startups
• IIT Dharwad Unveils Innovative Fire Rescue Drone 

8. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry's Jan Sunwai portal was launched by Union Minister Piyush Goyal. 

• The portal's purpose is to support exporters in resolving their problems online and to enable direct, transparent contacts between dealers. 
• It consists of various departments, including the Directorate General of Foreign Trade, APEDA, Coffee Board, Spices Board, Rubber Board, and Tea Board. 
• Mr. Goyal also inaugurated the Export Credit Guarantee Corporation's redesigned SMILE-ERP facility. 
• Mr. Goyal also chaired a meeting of the Board of Trade. The meeting was attended by ministers from 10 states. 
• The discussion included a range of export-related projects from states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and Telangana. 

9. Retail Inflation reached 3.65% in August. 

• India's Consumer Price Index (CPI)-based retail inflation rises to 3.65 per cent in August from 3.6 per cent in July. 
• RBI’s retail inflation target is 4 per cent for the medium term. 
• TheIndexofIndustrial Production (IIP) also rises slightly to 4.83 per cent in July from 4.72 per cent in June. 
• National Statistical Office (NSO) also revealed a rise in food inflation, which increased to 5.66 per cent in August from 5.42 per cent in July. 
• The prices of cereals (7.31 per cent) and protein-rich items like milk (2.98 per cent), meat & fish (4.30 per cent) decelerated. 
• The prices of fuel (-5.31 per cent) contracted during the month. 
• As per the NSO, eight of the 23 manufacturing sectors in the IIP contracted in July. 

10. WHO granted the first mpox vaccine approval for Africa. 

• The WorldHealth Organization (WHO) has approved using a vaccine against mpoxin adults in Africa. 
• The pre-qualification of the vaccine by Bavarian Nordic means that donors such as GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance, and UNICEF can buy it. 
• This first pre-qualification of a vaccine against mpox is an important step towards fighting against this disease. 
• As per the WHO, the vaccine can be administered to people aged 18 or above in a two-dose regimen. 
• According to the Africa Center for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, 70% of the cases were in Congo, which is the hardest hit by mpox. 
• As per the Africa CDS, 107 new deaths and 3160 new cases have been recorded in the past week. 
• Mpox belongs to the samefamily of viruses as smallpox. It has symptoms such as fever, chills, and body aches. 

11. On 13 September, a web portal launched by Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh to monitor progress of Special Swachhata Campaign 4.0 Progress. 

• Thisdedicated online web portal (https://scdpm.nic.in/specialcampaign4/) has been launched to monitor the progress of Special Campaign 4.0. 
• Thiswasannounced during a virtual meeting with Nodal Officers of Special Campaign 4.0, Nodal Officers of Public Grievances, and Appellate Authorities from all 84 Ministries and Departments of the Government of India. 
• It has been decided by the government to run a special campaign from 2nd October to 31st October every year to institutionalize cleanliness and reduce pendency of cases. 
• The initial phase will be run from 16 September to 30 September 2024 before Special Campaign 4.0.
• The aim of this special campaign is to institutionalize cleanliness in all the offices of the Government of India with a vision of totality. 
• A total of 4,04,776 Swachhata Abhiyan sites were covered in the three special campaigns of the years 2021, 2022 and 2023. 
• Under this, 355 lakh sq. ft. space was freed for proper utilisation and revenue of Rs 1,162 crore was earned from waste disposal. 
• During the initial phase, Ministries and Departments will identify pending works in selected categories, mobilise workers at the ground level, finalise campaign sites, review records as well as prepare site management plan and dispose of waste. 
• The best practices will be presented during Good Governance Week 2024 from December 19 to 24, 2024. 

12. Hindi Diwas 2024: 14 September 

• Every year, Hindi Diwas is observed on 14 September. 
• On 14 September 1949, the Constituent Assembly adopted Hindi in Devanagari script as the official language of Indian union (Article 343). 
• Since1953, it was announced to celebrate 14 September every year as Hindi Diwas throughout the country. 
• The day also marks the birthday of Beohar Rajendra Simha. He was born on 14 September 1900. 
• He played a crucial role in getting Hindi in the Devanagari script approved as an official language of India. 
• Hindi is one of the most spoken languages and is spoken by 600 million people globally. 

13. Govt to launch PAIR programme to boost research in higher education institutions 

• The government will launch the Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR) programme designed to elevate research capabilities in higher education institutions (HEIs) by linking top-tier research institutions with those where research capability is limited, creating a collaborative mentorship environment. 
• The decision was taken during the inaugural Governing Board meeting of the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), Prof Abhay Karandikar, Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology. 
• Through PAIR, ANRF will link top-tier research institutions with those where research capability is limited, creating a collaborative mentorship environment. 
• The goal is to create a “Hub and Spoke” framework that will enable these institutions to systematically enhance their research excellence. Additionally, ANRF is set to launch the Mission for Advancement in High-impact Areas (MAHA) to focus on critical areas of research. 
• The ANRF, established through the Anusandhan National Research Foundation Act 2023, aims to propel India to the forefront of global scientific and technological advancement. 
• To further elevate India’s global standing in scientific research, the ANRF will establish world-class Centres of Excellence under the ANRF Centre of Excellence (ACE) initiative. 

14. Sheetal Devi & Rakesh Kumar team up as ECI National PwD Icons for voter awareness 

• Paralympic archery champions Sheetal Devi and Rakesh Kumar team up to inspire voters nationwide as ECI’s national icons for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs). 
• In an event organised at Nirvachan Sadan, CEC Shri Rajiv Kumar along with ECs Shri Gyanesh Kumar and Dr. Sukhbir Singh Sandhu felicitated Arjuna Awardee and ECI’s national PwD icon, Ms. Sheetal Devi, and her mixed doubles team partner Shri Rakesh Kumar, in recognition of their outstanding achievement in winning a bronze medal in Archery at the Paris Summer Paralympics 2024. 
• Onthe occasion, the Commission also announced Shri Rakesh Kumar, renowned Paralympian as the ECI National icon for PwDs. 

15. India hosts 2nd Asia-Pacific Ministerial Conference on Civil Aviation 

• Union Minister for Civil Aviation, Kinjarapu Rammohan Naidu, addressed the media regarding the 2nd Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference on Civil Aviation 2024, at Rajeev Gandhi Bhawan New Delhi. 
• The 2nd Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference on Civil Aviation held at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, India. 
• The event is co-hosted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India. The first Ministerial Conference of the Asia Pacific region was organized in 2018 in Beijing, China. During the first conference, India volunteered to host the second Conference in 2020, however, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the conference was postponed. 
• Highlighting the importance of the conference, Shri Naidu said “It will focus on unlocking this potential, building robust partnerships, and addressing critical challenges such as infrastructure development, market gaps, sustainability, and workforce shortages. 

16. Cabinet approves ‘Mission Mausam’ to create a more weather-ready and climate-smart Bharat 

• TheUnion Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved ‘Mission Mausam’ with an outlay of Rs.2,000 crore over two years. 
• Mission Mausam, to be chiefly implemented by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, is envisaged to be multi-faceted and transformative initiative to tremendously boost India’s weather and climate-related science, research, and services. 
• The mission’s focus will include improving observations and understanding for providing highly accurate and timely weather and climate information across temporal and spatial scales, including monsoon forecasts, alerts for air quality, extreme weather events and cyclones, weather interventions for managing fog,hail, and rain, etc., capacity building and generating awareness. 
• Critical elements of Mission Mausam will include the deployment of next-generation radars and satellite systems with advanced sensors and high-performance supercomputers, the development of improved Earth system models and a GIS-based automated Decision Support System for real-time data dissemination. 
• Three Ministry of Earth Sciences institutes: the India Meteorological Department, the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, and the National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting will primarily implement Mission Mausam. These institutions will be supported by other MoES institutions (Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, and National Institute of Ocean Technology), along with collaborating national and international Institutes, Academia and Industries, furthering India’s leadership in weather and climate sciences and services. 

17. ONDC launches Saarthi reference app for businesses to create multilingual buyer apps 

• OpenNetwork for Digital Commerce (ONDC) has launched Saarthi, a reference application designed to assist businesses in creating their own customised buyer-side apps, co-developed with Bhashini. \
• As reference tool, Saarthi supports network participants in building buyer apps with multilingual features. 
• The app initially supports Hindi, English, Marathi, Bangla and Tamil, with plans to scale up to all 22 languages provided by Bhashini. 
• The launch of Saarthi is a pivotal development in our journey towards a more inclusive digital commerce landscape. By providing a reference application that enables businesses to create multilingual buyer apps, we are breaking down language barriers and opening up new avenues for engagement and growth. 
• This initiative aligns with our commitment to democratize access to e-commerce, ensuring that businesses of all sizes can connect with customers across India’s diverse linguistic spectrum. 

18. MP govt inks MoU with NDDB for promoting milk production 

• Madhya Pradesh government has signed an MoU with the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), aimed at increasing the milk production in the state. 
• This step will help to increase milk production in the state,” CM Yadav said, adding that NDDB and the state government would set up dairies for milk production as a pilot project. 
• The chief minister said with this step, more than 11,000 villages would be able to get a fair milk price. 

About Madhya Pradesh 

• Capital– Bhopal 
• Chief Minister– Dr Mohan Yadav (replace Shivraj Singh Chauhan) 
• Deputy CM– Jagdish Devda & Rajendra Shukla 
• Speaker of Madhya Pradesh Assembly– Narendra Singh Tomar 
• Governor– Mangubhai C. Patel 

19. President confers National Florence Nightingale Awards 2024 to 15 Awardees at Rashtrapati Bhavan 

• The President of India, Droupadi Murmu presented the National Florence Nightingale Awards for the year 2024 to the nursing professionals at a function held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. 
• In all, 15 nurses were conferred the award in recognition of their outstanding commitment to duty and service to the community. 
• The National Florence Nightingale Award was instituted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India in the year 1973 as a mark of recognition for the meritorious services rendered by the nurses and nursing professionals to the society. 
• The award is given to outstanding nursing personnel employed in Central, State/UTs, and Voluntary Organizations. 
• The nurse in her/his regular job in the hospital or community setting, educational or administrative setting is eligible for the national award. Each award consists of a Certificate of Merit, Cash Award of Rs.1,00,000/- and a medal. 

20. Indian-origin lecturer wins Singapore Literature Prize for English f iction, ‘Nine Yard Sarees’ 

• AnIndian-origin lecturer at Nanyang Technological University has won the prestigious Singapore Literature Prize for English fiction with her debut short story collection, Nine Yard Sarees. 
• Prasanthi Ram, 32, saw her work published in late 2023. Her collection explores the lives of a Tamil Brahmin family spread across cities like Singapore, Sydney, New York, and Connecticut. 
• The award for best English creative non-fiction went to Shubigi Rao, an Indian-origin artist, for her book Pulp III: An Intimate Inventory Of The Banished Book (2022). This book is the third part of her decade-long project on banned literature. 

21. Defence Minister Rajnath SIngh inaugurates IDAX-24 Expo in Jodhpur 

• The India Defence Aviation Exposition (IDAX-24) was officially inaugurated by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh at Jodhpur. 
• This major event coincides with Exercise Tarang Shakti-24, one of the largest multinational air exercises hosted by the Indian Air Force (IAF). IDAX-24 highlights the significant advancements and contributions of the Indian aviation industry. 
• This edition of IDAX at Jodhpur will have grand participation from industry and host a wide range of products, and technologies. This will be an opportunity for the FFCs and Indian audiences to witness, experience, and interact with participants from the Indian Aviation Industry including DPSUs, DRDO, Private Industries (Tier-I, Il, III), and top-notch Start-Ups. 

22. Indian boxer Deepali Thapa becomes 1st ever Asian Schoolgirl Champion 

• Indian boxer Deepali Thapa has made history by becoming the first-ever Asian Schoolgirl Champion in Al Ain, UAE. 
• Her victory led India to secure seven female titles at the Asian Championships. In the 33 kg weight category, Thapa defeated Ukraine’s Liudmyla Vasylchenko in the final. 
• In the 35 kg category, Bhoomi defeated Kazakhstan’s Assel Jalimbekova in the final to secure India’s second title. Nischal Sharma continued India’s winning streak in the 37 kg weight class, overcoming Ukraine’s Maria Matsiura in a closely contested final that claimed India’s third title. 
• In the 43 kg title, Rakhi beat Ukraine’s Veronika Holub using close-distance strategies and finishing the about strong to earn India’s fourth title. 
• In the 52kg final, Naitik won against Kazakhstan’s Arina Orazymbet, adding another title to India’s tally. In the 67kg final, India’s Trushana Vinayak Mohite secured a comfortable victory over Ukraine’s Anna Hornostal. 
• The day concluded with India’s Gurseerat Kaur winning the last of the 15 titles in the schoolgirls’ category. 

23. Irani Cup 2024 to be played in Lucknow from October 1-5 

• The2024/25 Irani Cup game, which was supposed to be held in Mumbai from October 1 to 5, has been shifted to Lucknow. 
• The match will be played between current Ranji Trophy winners Mumbai and a Rest of the India side selected by the national selection committee. 
• Last year, Rest of India won the Irani Cup after beating Saurashtra by 175 runs in Rajkot. 
• The inaugural edition of the Irani Cup was played in March 1960, and is named after Zal R Irani, who served as Treasurer and President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). Rest of India has won the trophy 26 times, while Mumbai has emerged victorious 14 times. 

24. 14 September 2024– World First Aid Day 

• World First Aid Day is observed annually on the second Saturday of September to highlight the importance of first aid in saving lives. This year, World First Aid Day falls on September 14. 
• The day aims to educate people about the crucial role first aid plays in tackling medical emergencies and encouraging them to come forward when a situation arises. 
• Theme 2024– First Aid and Sports 
• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) declared the second Saturday of September the World First Aid Day in 2001. 

25. Changes in NSS Schemes 

• TheDepartment of Economic Affairs has introduced new guidelines for the regularisation of irregularly opened savings accounts under the National Small Savings Schemes (NSS) through Post Offices. 
• For NSS-87 Accounts, opened before April 2, 1990, first account will earn the current scheme rate and the second will earn the current Post Office Savings Account (POSA) rate plus 2 per cent of the balance. 
• Beginning October 1, 2024, both accounts will receive zero per cent interest. 
• Accounts opened after April 2, 1990, the first account will earn the current scheme rate and the second will earn the current POSA rate. 
• Beginning October 1, both accounts will receive zero per cent interest.
• If someone has more than two accounts, no interest will be paid; however, the principal amount will be returned. 
• POSA interest will be paid until the minor turns 18. Afterward, the applicable interest rate will be applied. 
• Maturity will be calculated from the minor’s 18th birthday. 
• If one has more Than One PPF Account, the primary account will earn the scheme rate if deposits are within the annual limit. 
• The balance from any secondary accounts will be merged into the primary account. 
• Excess amounts will be refunded with 0% interest. 
• Active NRIs with PPF accounts that did not require residency details will earn POSA interest until September 30, 2024. 
• Post this date, the interest will be 0%. 
• Sukanya Samriddhi Accounts opened by grandparents (not legal guardians) must transfer guardianship to a legal guardian or natural parents. 
• If more than two accounts are opened in violation of the scheme guidelines, the extra accounts will be closed. 

26. New Flag and Insignia of Supreme Court 

• President Droupadi Murmu unveiled the new flag and insignia of the Supreme Court of India. 
• This event is commemorating the 75th anniversary of the Supreme Court's establishment. 
• The new flag is blue and prominently features the Ashoka Chakra, the Supreme Court building, and the Constitution of India. 
• The insignia includes the phrase "Yato Dharmastato Jayah" inscribed in the Devanagari script. 
• It translates to "Where there is Dharma, there is victory". 
• Thenewflag and insignia were conceptualized and designed by the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) Delhi. 

27. New ‘Dancing Girls’ Ginger Species

• Scientists recorded six new species in the genus Globba belonging to the ginger (Zingiberaceae) family from the Eastern Himalayas and two northeastern States. 
• The common name for this genus is dancing girl or dancing lady ginger. 
• These species are Globba corniculata, Globba paschimbengalensis, Globba polymorpha, Globba tyrnaensis, Globba janakiae, and Globba yadaviana. 
• Thefirst three were recorded from West Bengal’s Darjeeling district, the next two from Meghalaya, and the last from Mizoram. 
• Zingiberaceae is the largest family within the order Zingiberales comprising at least 114 genera and 4,022 species.